The Combination of Beta-Blockers and ACE Inhibitors Across the Spectrum of Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, affecting a wide range patients at different stages across cardiovascular continuum. Hypertension one earliest risk factors in this continuum and can be controlled most with currently available antihypertensive agents. However, goals are often not met because treatments optimized terms tailoring therapy to individual based on their hypertension subclass profile initiating early use adapted-dose, single-pill combinations. In context, beta-blockers combination angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors special interest as result complementary actions sympathetic nervous system renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, two interlinked pathways that influence outcomes. addition actions, used manage arrhythmias treat angina pectoris heart failure, while ACE provide cardioprotection acute coronary syndromes congestive failure. A broad may therefore receive routine clinical practice. This paper examines supporting evidence for each above indications considers rationale combining these agents into single pill, using data from bisoprolol perindopril randomized trials evidence. Combining established pill continues effective blood pressure lowering improved outcomes allowing greater proportion rapidly achieve treatment targets.